- [Voiceover] Let's say you wanted to calculate the mass
of a helium four nucleus, well first we need
to figure out what's in the nucleus,
so, with an atomic number of two,
we know there are two protons in the nucleus.
And, subtract the atomic number from the mass number,
four minus two gives us two neutrons.
And so, if we know the mass of a proton,
and the mass of a neutron,
we could easily calculate the expected mass
of a helium four nucleus, and the mass
of a proton in amus, atomic mass units,
is equal to 1.00727647 and we have two protons,
so we need to multiply this number by two.
So let's go ahead and get out the calculator,
and let's do that, so 1.00727647 times two
gives us 2.01455294 so this is equal to
2.01455294, remember these are amus, atomic mass units.
A neutron, one neutron, has a mass
in amus of 1.00866490 and we have two neutrons,
so we have to multiply this number by two.
So let's go ahead and do that.
So we have 1.00866490 times two,
and this gives us 2.0173298.
So 2.0173298 amus, so the mass
of a helium nucleus, if we add those two
numbers together, we should get that mass.
So let's do that math, so this number plus
our first number 2.01455294 gives us 4.03188274.
So, 4.031882748 amus, so this is the predicted mass
of the helium four nucleus.
So let me go ahead and write this,
this is the predicted mass.
The actual mass of a helium four nucleus
has been measured to be 4.00150608 amus.
Let me go ahead and write this,
this is the actual mass, so the actual mass.
All right, there's a difference there.
They're not the same number.
The predicted number is higher than the actual mass.
So let's calculate the difference between those two numbers.
So if we subtract the actual
from the predicted, we can see
the difference between those numbers.
So let's go ahead and do that.
All right, so we have the predicted,
and then we're going to subtract the actual from that.
So 4.00150608 is going to give us .03037666 amus.
So let's go ahead and write that.
So, 0.03037666 amus, so this is the difference
between those two numbers, and we call this the mass defect.
So let me go ahead and write that down here.
This is called the mass defect.
The difference between the predicted mass
of the nucleus and the actual mass of the nucleus.
And it looks like we lost some mass here,
and really what's happened is the mass,
this mass right here, the mass defect,
was converted into energy when the nucleus was formed.
So that's pretty interesting,
and we can calculate how much energy,
according to Einstein's famous equation,
which relates energy and mass.
So this is the one that most people know.
It's E is equal to MC squared.
So E is equal to MC squared, where E refers
to the energy in Joules, M is the mass
in kilograms, and C is the speed of light,
which is in meters per second,
and so you'd be squaring that,
so it would be meters squared over seconds squared.
All right, so let's calculate the mass
that we're dealing with here.
So, using Einstein's equation,
we see we need kilograms, and we've calculated
the mass in amus and so the first thing we need
to do, is convert the amus into kilograms.
And I briefly mentioned in an earlier video,
the conversion factor between amus and kilograms,
so amus is just a different measure of mass.
Let's get some more room down here.
All right, so one amu is equal
to 1.66054 times 10 to the negative 27 kilograms.
And so the first thing we need to do,
is convert that number, so let's go ahead and write it down.
So 0.03037666 amus, so mathematically,
how would I convert the amus into kilograms?
Well, I need to cancel out the amu units.
So my conversion factor is going
to be 1.66054 times 10 to the negative 27,
that's how many kilograms we have
for every one amu, so I can put that in here.
So there's my conversion factor.
And notice what happens when we do this,
our units for amus cancel, and this
is going to give us kilograms.
So let's go ahead and do this math.
So what is this equal to?
All right, so we get out the calculator,
and we take this number, and we multiply it
by, let's use some parentheses here,
1.66054 times 10 to the negative 27,
so let's see what this gives us here,
so this gives us 5.04417 times 10 to the negative 29,
so let's round it like that.
So this is going to give us, let's put it right here,
5.04417 times 10 to the negative 29 kilograms.
All right, so now we have the mass
in kilograms, so let's get some more room,
and let's go ahead and calculate the energy.
All right, so this is the mass that was lost
when the nucleus was formed, so let's figure out
how much energy was given off.
So the total energy, energy is equal
to that mass, so let's go ahead and plug that in.
5.04417 times 10 to the negative 29,
times the speed of light, which is approximately
three times 10 to the eighth meters per second,
we'll use a more exact number,
2.99792 times 10 to the eighth,
and we need to square that number.
All right, so let's do our last calculation here.
So let's start with the speed of light.
2.99792 times 10 to the eighth,
and then we need to square that number.
So we get this number, and we're going
to multiply that by our mass,
5.04417 times 10 to the negative 29th,
and so let's see what that gives us.
4.3346 times 10 to the negative 12,
so let's write that down.
4 point, I think there was a five in there, 4.5334.
So, 4.53346 times 10 to the negative 12,
let me just double check that real fast here.
So 4.55346 times 10 to the negative 12 is our answer.
And the units should be Joules,
so that's how much energy is given off.
So here's our final calculation,
so it took us awhile to get there.
So remember, this is the energy that's
released when the nucleus is formed.
So let me go ahead and get some more space,
and let me write this down.
The energy released when the nucleus is formed.
So let's draw a picture of what's happening.
So we were talking about the helium nucleus,
which had two protons, let me go ahead and draw those
two protons in here, and two neutrons,
so let me use neutrons here like that.
And these came together, to form our nucleus.
All right, so these two things come together.
So we have our two positive charges in our nucleus.
And then we have our neutrons as well.
And this is supposed to represent our nucleus,
our helium four nucleus here.
So, energy is released when the nucleus is formed.
So we could also put in this energy.
So this energy is given off,
so that's the number we just calculated.
We spent several minutes getting this number,
and this is the energy that's released
when the nucleus is formed here.
And so this is just a nice little picture
to think about what's happening.
So whatever this nucleus formed,
energy was given off.
The nucleus is stable because energy is given off here.
And we can also think about going the opposite direction.
So if we started with the nucleus,
and you wanted to break it up
into the individual components,
so if you took this nucleus here,
and you applied some energy,
you could break it up and turn it back
into protons and neutrons, and that energy
that you would have to apply,
is also equal to this energy.
So this is also called the nuclear binding energy.
So let me go ahead and write that.
Nuclear binding energy, so again,
that is the term for the energy
that we just calculated here.
So you can think about it two different ways,
it's the energy that's released when the nucleus is formed,
and that's also the amount of energy that's needed
to break the nucleus apart.
And so the nucleus is stable in this case.
So we have a stable nucleus right?
This is a stable nucleus, but that's a little bit weird
because we have these positive charges,
and we know that positive charges repel.
So these two positive charges here
are repelling each other right?
We know that like charges repel,
and so there must be some other force
that's holding our nucleus together.
And that's called the nuclear strong force,
and we'll talk more about that in the next video.