- [Voiceover] So imagine you've got an object
sitting in front of this concave mirror.
If you wanted to figure out where the image is formed,
you can draw ray tracings.
And so one ray you can draw
is a parallel ray that goes through the focal point.
But these rays are reversible.
I don't have to draw that one.
Turns out, if you send rays back along the way they came,
they'll just retrace the path they came along the other way.
So these rays are reversible.
I send a ray parallel, it gets sent through the focal point.
But if I send a ray through the focal point,
it will get sent parallel.
In other words, I don't have to draw this ray.
I can draw this ray right here.
The one that goes
from the tip of the object through the focal point.
That's gonna get sent parallel.
So I'm gonna draw this one just for fun
and then I'm gonna draw another one.
You need two in order to find where the image is.
I'll draw this one here.
So this white line is called the principal axis.
It's drawn through the center of this curved mirror.
I'm gonna draw a ray that goes from the tip of the object
to that center point
because I know the law of reflection
says that the angle in has to equal the angle out.
And the angles are measured form the normal line
and it just so happens that this principal axis
that's usually drawn here anyways,
is serving as a perfectly good normal line
for this center of the mirror
since it's passing through that center of the mirror
in a perpendicular way.
I can just use that to my advantage.
I know that the angle in's gotta equal the angle out.
I just have to make sure that this angle out
is about, looks like that,
about equal to the angle that it came in at.
So these two have to be the same angle theta.
And now I can find where my image is.
The image of this object is gonna be
at the point where they cross.
So the tip of this object
gets mapped to this point right here
and we get an image that's upside down
and it looks like that.
So ray tracing is cool; it lets you find where the image is.
But I mean I just kinda eyeballed this angle here.
This might have been off by a little bit.
It might have been off by a degree or two.
If I wanted to get exactly where the image is,
I'd want an equation that I could just plug into.
In other words, that I could plug into
how far was the object from the mirror,
and how long is this focal length,
and it would spit out exactly where the image is gonna be.
So that's what we're gonna derive in this video.
It's called the mirror equation
and it'll tell us how to relate the object distance,
the image distance, and the focal length.
So let's do this.
How do you derive it?
If you look in the textbook, it looks complicated.
It's not actually as bad as it looks.
When I used to look at the first time,
I was like, "This is some sort of mathematical witchcraft
"I don't want to deal with."
But it's not nearly as bad as it looks.
We're gonna start with drawing triangles.
So we'll notice that these two angles are the same.
We're gonna use this to our advantage.
So we're gonna make two triangles
that have these as one of their angles.
So the first one, let's consider this one.
Let's say one of the triangles will be
from the base of this image to the center of the mirror,
and then from the mirror to the tip of the image,
and then from the tip of the image
back down to the base of the image.
So imagine this pink triangle right here,
it's a right triangle
'cause that angle right here is a right angle,
and it's got theta as one of its angles.
But I could draw another triangle
that has this angle theta.
I can go from the tip of the object
to the center of the mirror,
and then from the center of the mirror
to the base of the object,
and then from the base of the object
to the tip of the object and I get this blue triangle.
That's also a right triangle
since this angle here is a right angle.
So in other words, these triangles are similar.
They both have an angle theta,
they both have a right angle.
Or in other words, if you don't like similar triangles,
just think about it this way.
You could use a trig function.
Pick your favorite trig function.
I'm gonna pick tangent.
So let's take tangent theta.
I know tangent theta by definition
is always the opposite over the adjacent.
The opposite to this angle,
we'll take this angle down here first,
the opposite to that theta is this side.
What does that side mean?
That's the height of the image.
So I'm gonna call that "hi" for image height.
That's how tall the image is.
So I know that this is gonna equal height of the image
divided by the adjacent side to this angle here
is this distance right here
and we're gonna give that a name.
That's just how far the image is from the mirror.
So we give this a name,
we call this distance from the mirror to the image,
we call that the image distance.
And it's measured from the center of the mirror.
So not from this end right here, this little tip part,
but from wherever the center of the mirror is.
It's measured from this point right here.
And that's this adjacent side since this is
how far that image is from the center of the mirror,
so I'll call that "di" since it's the image distance.
But that was for this theta down here.
I know that tangent of theta, this is also a theta up here.
I can use the same relationship for this theta.
And I know that tangent of this theta
also has to be opposite over adjacent,
but the opposite of this theta is this side right here.
And what is that side?
That's just the height of the object.
So I'll call that "ho".
That's the object height,
so the opposite side for this theta is the object height.
And then you divide by what?
You divide by the adjacent side.
That's just gonna be this distance
from the mirror to the object.
We'll give that a name,
and if you guessed object distance, then you guessed right.
This is gonna be the object distance.
And again we measure it from the center of the mirror,
not some curved portion that sticks out over here,
but from the center part of the mirror.
So that's the adjacent side to this theta down here,
so I'm gonna write that as "do".
And so this is an important relationship.
This is actually given a name just by itself.
This isn't the equation we're hunting for,
but it's so important it gets its own name.
Just part of this derivation gets its own name.
It's called the magnification equation
but it's usually not written this way.
People usually write it as hi and then they divide by ho.
So you get hi divided by ho equals,
and then you multiply both sides by di,
you get di over do.
So a lot of times this is called the magnification equation.
It gives you a way to find what the height of the image is.
So we were lookin' for a way to find
how far the image is from the mirror,
but this lets you figure out, okay,
you also need to know how big is it gonna be?
So if we solve this height of the image,
we get the height of the image is
the height of the object times some factor,
and that factor's just gonna be
the image distance divided by the object distance.
Here's the thing, though.
Look at.
This image got flipped over.
So if we define this image distance as positive
if it's on the same side as the object,
we get a flipped over image,
that'd be like a negative height.
So since we want to represent
flipped over images with a negative value,
we actually write this equation down
with a negative inside of here.
We say that the height of the image
is equal to negative ho, di over do,
or you could put the negative up here, too.
So we stick a negative over here.
That way we know that if you get
a negative value for the image height,
you know it's flipped over.
So in other words,
if the value I got for hi was negative three centimeters,
that means I'd get an image
that had a height of three centimeters,
but it'd be flipped over
and that's what the negative represents.
Okay, so that's kind of a side note.
This is not what we're trying to derive.
We're trying to derive a formula
that would give us the image distance
based on object distance and focal length.
So we need to do another set of triangles.
What we'll do now
is instead of considering these thetas here,
we'll consider these angles here.
Now I can't call them theta
'cause we already called those theta,
so I'll call these phi.
So these angles also have to be the same
because any time you have a line
and then you cut another line through it,
these angles here will always be the same.
So we could do the same game.
We could play the same game we played for theta
with these phis.
We'll form two triangles,
each triangle's gonna have phi as one of the angles.
So for the first one,
we'll do this object height as one side
over here to the base of phi
and then back up over to here.
And then for the other one
we need to also have a triangle that has phi in it,
so we'll do this from here to here,
down to there, and then back up to phi.
So we've got two triangles.
This triangle and this triangle,
and they both have phi and they both have a right angle.
So these are also similar triangles.
In other words, we'll play the same game.
We'll say that tangent of this phi
is gonna have to equal the opposite over the adjacent.
The opposite to this phi is this side which is just ho.
So we can write ho divided by
the adjacent now is not do,
'cause this side only goes to here.
It doesn't go the whole way to the mirror.
It only goes that far.
So that's the entire object distance
minus this piece right over here.
So if I subtracted this much from the object distance,
I'd get the remaining amount
which is the adjacent part of this triangle.
So this distance from the mirror
to the focal point is given a name.
It's called the focal length and we represent it with an f.
So a little confusing
'cause f represents both a point
and it represents the length from the mirror to that point.
So f is gonna represent that length as well.
So this adjacent side we could write as
the object distance minus the focal length
since this remaining part right here
is the adjacent side
which is object distance minus the focal length.
But we know that this phi is also equal to this phi.
So I can do tangent of theta for this phi,
the opposite side would now be this side.
What is that?
What is this side of the triangle?
That's just equal to the height of the image.
This side is the same as the image height
so I can say that this whole thing, tangent of phi,
has to equal opposite over adjacent.
This time the opposite of phi is the image height.
And we divide by this distance right here,
which is just the focal length.
So this adjacent side for this triangle
is simply the focal length.
So I'll just divide by f
and so what I've got are two equations
that I'm gonna put together
and we will get the mirror equation out of this.
There's different ways to proceed at this point.
What I'm gonna do is
I don't want ho or hi in either of these,
so I'm just gonna solve this one here for ho over hi.
And I get ho over hi,
so imagine dividing both sides by hi,
and then multiplying both sides by do minus f,
and I'd get ho over hi equals do minus f,
the focal length,
divided by the focal length.
But I could do the same thing up here.
I can get ho over hi.
It's just gonna equal do over di.
So that's all you have to do is divide both sides by hi
and then multiply both sides by do.
But this left-hand side right here
is the same as this left-hand side right here.
So we know that ho over hi
already equals do minus f over f,
and up here we know that ho over hi equals do over di,
so that means that do minus f over f
has to also equal do over di
since both of these expressions equal ho over hi.
So we can set them all equal
'cause they're all equal to the same thing:
ho over hi.
And now we're gonna solve this.
We're just gonna clean it up.
The left-hand side I can write,
I'll just stop using colors here,
the left-hand side is gonna be do over f minus one,
since f over f just equals one.
And that's gotta equal do over di.
And now we can divide both sides by do.
If I divide both sides by do I get one over f,
since the do cancels,
minus one over do equals,
and then the do will cancel with this do on top,
and I just get one over di.
And now we made it except it's usually written
with this one over do added on the right.
If we add one over do to both sides,
we finally get the expression we wanted,
which is one over the object distance,
plus one over the image distance,
equals one over the focal length.
It's a pretty simple formula.
It took a little bit of effort to get to this,
but this is called the mirror equation
and it relates the focal length of the mirror
to the image distance and the object distance.
In other words,
if you now how far you put the object from the mirror,
and you know the focal length of the mirror,
that lets you figure out exactly where the image distance is
instead of just kinda eyeballing it and using a protractor.
This'll let you solve for where that image is exactly.
And if you couple it
with this magnification equation up here,
you can also figure out the exact height of the image.
Now you might be feeling a little sketchy
about this negative sign.
I mean I kinda threw it in quick over here.
What's going on with this negative?
In fact how do we know if any of this stuff
is negative or positive?
Well the convention that I use,
that a lot of textbooks use now,
is the one where
focal lengths will be positive for concave mirrors,
just like this mirror right here, this is a concave mirror.
But if it was bent the other way,
if the mirror looked like this, it'd be a convex mirror,
and that would be a negative focal length.
And it kinda makes sense if the mirror was bent this way,
the focal point is kinda back this way
which is kinda behind it,
so it makes sense that it's sort of negative.
And the object distance over here,
if it's on the same side as your eye,
if you're using this correctly,
your eye should be over on this side,
you would see an object right here
but you'd also see an image of that object right here.
And if this object is on the same side
as the mirror as your eye, which it should be,
then this object distance is positive.
It's basically always positive
unless you've got some double set of mirrors
or something weird happening.
If you got a single mirror, there's no craziness goin' on,
this object distance is just always defined to be positive
using the convention that we're using up here.
And again, there are other conventions you can use.
But this is the one used in a lot of textbooks these days.
The di is a little trickier.
The di is also positive if
that image is on the same side as your eye,
like it is right here.
So this image
would be considered a positive image distance
since it's on this side.
If the image got formed on this side of the mirror,
say you formed an image right here,
that would be a negative image distance.
If this was five centimeters behind the mirror,
we'd consider that
a negative five centimeter image distance.
And if you use that convention with this mirror equation,
you'll get a correct relationship
between the object distance,
image distance, and the focal length.
And if you use that same sign convention
with this magnification equation,
you'll also get the exact height of the image
and if that image height comes out negative,
you'll know that it got flipped upside down.
And if the image height comes out positive,
you know that the image will stay right-side up.
So recapping, using a bunch of similar triangles,
we were able to derive a mirror equation
that relates the object distance,
image distance, and focal length,
and along the way we derived a magnification equation
that relates the heights of the image and object
to the distances of the image and object.
And you have to be very careful with signs.
Even though the object distance
is basically always positive,
focal length can be positive or negative.
Focal length will be positive for concave mirrors,
and it'll be negative for convex mirrors.
Image distances will be positive
if they're on the same side of the mirror as your eye,
if they're in front of the mirror.
But they'll be negative if they're behind the mirror.
And again this is not
the only sign convention you could use,
but it's as good as any other sign convention
and it's the one used in a lot of textbooks these days.