- [Voiceover] Most solids offer some amount of resistance
to the flow of current through them.
This allows us to define things like the resistivity,
or the conductivity, but the same is true for liquids.
Consider this container full of a liquid.
We can measure its resistivity.
Now, if I took a battery, and I put one lead here,
and one lead here, if there is a voltage and this liquid
is able to conduct electricity, then this current should
be able to flow through the intervening liquid
over to the other side and then back up.
Sometimes, this is done with AC current, otherwise,
you might get electrolysis and then you get bubbles in here
and that changes the liquid in some way.
We want to measure the resistance and the resistivity
of the liquid, not of some altered liquid.
So, sometimes you use AC, but this is the general principal.
Send in a voltage, a certain amount of current will flow.
How can we use that, to determine the resistivity?
Well, we know resistivity is equal to the resistance
that we measure times the area divided by the length,
and now you see there's kinda of a problem length.
I can imagine getting that.
This length in here would just be this distance.
There's my length, because my "resistor,"
is this liquid in here.
But, what's my area?
So, this would be a bad experiment to do.
If we want to measure the resistivity, what we really want,
is something where we have a well defined area.
Let me get rid of this.
Imagine you had two plates.
Take these two plates.
You put them in the solution you want to measure the
resistivity of, so, we put them in here.
Stick them into there.
They have a well defined area.
We've got those.
We can measure those if we want.
We set them apart some known distance between them, L,
and you hook them up to battery.
So, take this one, hook it up to a known voltage,
hook the other side up to the other plate,
and if this solution, if this electrolytic solution in here
can conduct electricity, current will flow from this side
to the other side, and you can measure these quantities.
You measure the length, that's easy.
You measure the area.
You got that.
How do we measure the resistance?
Well, we know the voltage.
We can have a known voltage of the battery up here,
and you can stick ammeter in here to measure the current.
If I stick an ammeter, ammeters measure the current.
Now, I can just use Ohm's law, and I know that
the resistance is just going to be the voltage divided
by the current, and if plug all these values into here,
I can get an experimental value for the
resistivity of this liquid, sometimes it's called
the electrolytic resistivity.
Or, one over the electrolytic resistivity would be
the electrolytic conductivity.
So, this would be the electrolytic conductivity.
So, this is an experimental way to do it.
Honestly, you don't even have to go through
all that much trouble.
You can just take a solution.
First, put a solution in here that has a known resistivity.
That way, you can just do this: R equals Rho L over A.
If you know the resistivity, and you can easily
measure the resistance, then you can just figure
out what this constant is, and this will stay the same.
You just leave those same plates in there with
the same length and the same area.
Put a new solution in there, and that gives you this number,
and this number staying the same.
So, technically speaking, you don't have to go in there,
measure the area each time, and the length
between these each time, if you have some calibrated
electrolytic solution where it has a known resistivity.
Or, you could use it the other way.
If you had a solution with a known resistivity,
but there may be impurities in there, or there
may be dissolved salts, or something, and you
want to know what the concentration is.
Well, that is going to directly affect how much
current will flow, and it will directly affect
the measured electrolytic conductivity.
So, if you measure this, and it comes out different
from what you would expect from a baseline solution.
You can figure out what the concentration
is of the conductive impurities within this solution.