- [Instructor] So if you've ever run current
through a resistor, you might've noticed that
that resistor warms up.
And in fact if you run too much current through the resistor
that resistor can get so hot it can burn you
when you touch it, so you have to be careful.
So what I'm saying is when you have current
flowing through a resistor it warms up,
and we want to explain why.
Conceptually, why does current moving through a resistor
heat it up, and is there way a to calculate
exactly how much that current would heat up that resistor
over a given amount of time?
There is a way to calculate it.
We'll derive that in this video.
But first we should just explain conceptually
why is it that current moving through a resistor
heats up the resistor.
And so we'll explain that with this current.
Now the way I've got it drawn here,
notice that I've got these positive charges.
Positive charges don't actually move through a wire,
but physicists always pretend like they do
because positives moving one way through a wire
is equivalent to negatives moving the other way
through the wire, and if you use the positive description,
even though it's technically incorrect,
you don't have to deal with all those negative signs.
It's easier to deal with, and it's equivalent,
so we may as well use it.
But you can go through this whole description
with negative charges moving the other way,
and it works just as well.
You just have to be very careful with the negatives,
and it kind of obscures the conceptual meaning
'cause it's hiding behind a bunch of negative signs.
So we'll just use these positive charges,
but know that it's really negatives going the other way.
So why do positive charges flowing through a resistor
cause that resistor to heat up?
Well here's why.
So we know that when current flows through a resistor,
there's a voltage across that resistor.
In other words, between this point here and this point here,
there's a difference in electrical potential.
So there's a voltage across that resistor.
Technically I'm gonna call it delta V
'cause it's a difference in electric potential.
In other words, V on this side, the electric potential
on this first side of the resistor
is gonna have a different value from the electric potential
on this second side of the resistor.
So why does this matter?
It matters 'cause this final side where the charges end up,
is gonna have a lower electrical potential
than the beginning.
So these positive charges are gonna be moving
from a high potential region to a low potential region.
And that means they're gonna be changing
their potential energy, so these charges
have electric potential energy,
and if they go from a region of higher electric potential
to a region of lower electric potential,
they've started with more potential energy,
electrical potential energy than they end with.
So they're decreasing their electric potential energy.
And in case that's confusing, remember that the definition
of electric potential is the amount
of electric potential energy per charge.
So to just put a number in here so it's not so abstract,
let's say V two was two joules per coulomb.
That would mean for every coulomb of charge
at that point V two, there'd be two joules
of electric potential energy.
And if V one is at a higher electric potential,
maybe this is at six joules per coulomb,
that would mean over here at this position V one,
for every coulomb of charge there'd be six joules
of electric potential energy.
So as these charges move through the resistor,
they're gonna be decreasing their electric potential energy,
and so the obvious question is,
well where does that energy go?
If these charges are decreasing
their electric potential energy,
where's that potential energy going?
My first guess is that they'd increase their kinetic energy
because I'd remember then on Earth if you drop a ball
and it decreases its potential energy,
its gravitational potential energy,
we know that when it decreases
its gravitational potential energy and falls down,
it increases its kinetic energy, it just speeds up.
So the decrease in gravitational potential energy
just corresponds to an increase
in kinetic energy of that object.
And so maybe that's happening over here.
Maybe as these charges lose potential energy,
they speed up, but that can't happen.
Remember the current on one side of a resistor
has to be the same as the current on the other side.
These charges don't speed up.
They're losing potential energy, but they don't speed up.
This is a little counterintuitive.
We're used to things speeding up
when they lose potential energy,
but these charges aren't going to speed up.
What they do is they just heat up the resistor.
So as these charges fly through this resistor,
they strike the atoms and molecules
in this lattice structure of this solid.
So this resistor's made out of atoms and molecules,
and as these charges flow through here,
and again it's really electrons flowing the other way,
but as the charges flow through, same idea.
They strike the atoms and molecules,
they transfer energy into them.
And as they pass through in their wake,
they leave a resistor that's hotter,
at a higher temperature.
Which means these atoms are jiggling around
more than they were before.
And since they're oscillating more than they were before,
they're jiggling, they've got more energy,
the temperature of this resistor increases.
So these charges, rather than keeping all the energy
for themselves, they actually just spread it out
over that resistor as they pass through,
and they spread it out in the form of heat,
or thermal energy.
And they emerge with basically the same kinetic energy
that they started with, so this change in potential energy,
electrical potential energy, corresponds to an increase
in thermal energy of this resistor.
And that's why the resistors heat up.
But is there a way to calculate exactly how much
this resistor will heat up?
How much energy it's gonna gain per time?
There is, we just have to use the definition of power.
So we know the definition of power is the work per time,
or since work is the change in energy,
or the energy transferred, we can just write this
as the amount of energy this resistor's gaining per time.
What we want is a formula that tells us how much energy
are these charges depositing in the resistor per time.
Well this energy gained by the resistor
is coming from the loss of potential energy
of these charges.
So these charges are losing potential energy.
They're losing electric potential energy,
and that electric potential energy's
turning into thermal energy,
so the thermal energy this resistor gains
is just equal to the amount of electric potential energy
that these charges lose.
So I can just rewrite this.
I can just say that the power is gonna be equal
to the change in electrical potential energy
of these charges per time.
And so I'll just continue down here.
Power's gonna be equal to, how do we find the change
in electric potential energy?
Well remember, potential is defined
to be the potential energy per charge.
So that means the electric potential energy
is just the charge times the electric potential.
So if I want to find delta U, I can just say that
that's gonna be U when they emerge, U two minus U one,
and this is a way we can find the U values.
So the U at two, since it's Q times V,
is just gonna be the charge at two times V two.
And then the U at one, so we'll do minus the U at one,
is the charge at one.
But that's the same charge.
Whatever charge enters this resistor has to exit it,
so it'd be the charge at one times the V at one.
This is the change in electric potential energy.
So I could rewrite this.
I can pull out a common factor of Q
in this expression right here.
Then we get that the power's going to be equal to
this common factor of Q times V two minus V one.
So that's delta U, and that's what we're plugging in
right here for delta U.
Delta U is just the difference in these Q times V values.
And then we still have to divide by time
since we're talking about a power.
But what is V two minus V one?
That's simply the voltage across this resistor.
Delta V is V two minus V one.
So I could rewrite this.
I could just say that this is Q times delta V, the voltage,
across that resistor, divided by the time it took
for the charge to pass through that resistor.
And now something magical happens, check this out.
So we got power equals, I've got charge the past
through the resistor, divided by the time that it took
for that charge to pass through the resistor,
but charge per time is just the definition of current.
So we get this beautiful formula.
If I just factor out this Q over T,
I get Q over T times delta V,
the voltage across the resistor.
But Q over T is just the current,
so I get that the power is going to equal
the current through that resistor
times the voltage across that resistor.
And this is the formula for electrical power.
This tells you how many joules of thermal energy
are being created in that resistor per time.
So the units are joules per second,
or in other words, watts.
Because what this is telling you
is the amount of thermal energy generated per second.
If the power value came out to be 20 watts,
that would mean there'd be 20 joules
of thermal energy generated every second,
which is a really useful thing to know.
This formula's extremely useful when you want to figure out
how much energy's gonna be used by a light bulb,
or a toaster, or a TV, or whatever electronic device
you want to use.
This tells you how much energy that it's going to turn
into either thermal energy, or light, or sound,
or whatever other kind of energy that it's converting
that electric potential energy into.
'Cause notice, we never really assumed
that this was thermal energy.
We just called it E, and then we said that whatever energy
got transformed came from the change in potential energy
of those charges, and that's always gonna be true.
It's always gonna be electric potential energy
converting into something, whether it's heat,
or light, or sound.
So this doesn't just work for resistors.
It works for almost all electrical components
that turn electric potential energy
into some other kind of energy.
And you could rewrite this in different forms.
Sometimes you'll see it a different way.
There's this form, and then I'm just gonna copy this.
I'm gonna show you there's a couple other forms
you could see this in.
Let me clean this up, we'll put this formula down here.
This gives us the power, but we know from Ohm's law
that delta V is equal to I R.
So if both of these formulas are true,
I can plug delta V as I R.
So I could take this I R, I could plug it in for delta V,
and I get an alternate expression
for the power used by electrical component.
I get that the power's gonna be I times I times R,
which is just I squared times R.
So this one might be more useful if you've got a situation
where you don't know the voltage,
but you happen to know the current and the resistance.
But there's one more.
I could've solved this Ohm's law formula for I,
and I'd get that I equals delta V over R.
And then if I plug delta V over R in for I up here,
I'd get an alternate expression for the power.
I'd get that the power equals delta V over R times delta V.
It's just gonna be delta V squared.
The voltage across that resistor squared
divided by the resistance of that resistor.
And this formula might be more useful
if you know the voltages and the resistance,
but you don't know the current.
So depending on what you know,
these can get you the power used by a resistor.
They're all equivalent.
They will all give you the correct and the same power.
It's just a matter of what's more convenient
for the actual problem that you're dealing with.
So recapping, when current passes through a resistor,
it converts electrical potential energy into thermal energy,
and you can calculate the amount
of electrical potential energy converted per second
using current times voltage,
current squared times the resistance,
or voltage squared divided by the resistance.