- [Narrator] So here's something that used to confuse me.
If you had two charges,
and we'll keep these straight by giving them a name.
We'll call this one Q1 and I'll call this one Q2.
If you've got these two charges sitting next to each other,
and you let go of them, they're gonna fly apart
because they repel each other.
Like charges repel, so the Q2's gonna get pushed
to the right,
and the Q1's gonna get pushed to the left.
They're gonna start gaining kinetic energy.
They're gonna start speeding up.
But if these charges are gaining kinetic energy,
where is that energy coming from?
I mean, if you believe in conservation of energy,
this energy had to come from somewhere.
So where is this energy coming from?
What is the source of this kinetic energy?
Well, the source is the electrical potential energy.
We would say that electrical potential energy
is turning into kinetic energy.
So originally in this system,
there was electrical potential energy,
and then there was less electrical potential energy,
but more kinetic energy.
So as the electrical potential energy decreases,
the kinetic energy increases.
But the total energy in this system,
this two-charge system, would remain the same.
So this is where that kinetic energy's coming from.
It's coming from the electrical potential energy.
And the letter that physicists typically choose
to represent potential energies is a u.
So why u for potential energy?
I don't know.
Like PE would've made sense, too,
because that's the first two letters
of the words potential energy.
But more often you see it like this.
We'll put a little subscript e
so that we know we're talking about
electrical potential energy
and not gravitational potential energy, say.
So that's all fine and good.
We've got potential energy turning into kinetic energy.
Well, we know the formula for the kinetic energy
of these charges.
We can find the kinetic energy of these charges
by taking one half the mass of one of the charges
times the speed of one of those charges squared.
What's the formula to find the electrical potential energy
between these charges?
So if you've got two or more charges
sitting next to each other,
Is there a nice formula to figure out
how much electrical potential energy there is
in that system?
Well, the good news is, there is.
There's a really nice formula
that will let you figure this out.
The bad news is, to derive it requires calculus.
So I'm not gonna do the calculus derivation in this video.
There's already a video on this.
We'll put a link to that so you can find that.
But in this video, I'm just gonna quote the result,
show you how to use it,
give you a tour so to speak of this formula.
And the formula looks like this.
So to find the electrical potential energy
between two charges, we take K, the electric constant,
multiplied by one of the charges,
and then multiplied by the other charge,
and then we divide by the distance
between those two charges.
We'll call that r.
So this is the center to center distance.
It would be from the center of one charge
to the center of the other.
That distance would be r, and we don't square it.
So in a lot of these formulas,
for instance Coulomb's law, the r is always squared.
For electrical fields, the r is squared,
but for potential energy, this r is not squared.
Basically, to find this formula in this derivation,
you do an integral.
That integral turns the r squared into just an r
on the bottom.
So don't try to square this.
It's just r this time.
And that's it. That's the formula to find
the electrical potential energy between two charges.
And here's something that used to confuse me.
I used to wonder, is this the electrical potential energy
of that charge, Q1?
Or is it the electrical potential energy of this charge, Q2?
Well, the best way to think about this
is that this is the electrical potential energy
of the system of charges.
So you need two of these charges
to have potential energy at all.
If you only had one, there would be no potential energy,
so think of this potential energy as the potential energy
that exists in this charge system.
So since this is an electrical potential energy
and all energy has units of joules if you're using SI units,
this will also have units of joules.
Something else that's important to know
is that this electrical potential energy is a scalar.
That is to say, it is not a vector.
There's no direction of this energy.
It's just a number with a unit that tells you
how much potential energy is in that system.
In other words, this is good news.
When things are vectors,
you have to break them into pieces.
And potentially you've got component problems here,
you got to figure out how much of that vector points right
and how much points up.
But that's not the case with electrical potential energy.
There's no direction of this energy,
so there will never be any components of this energy.
It is simply just the electrical potential energy.
So how do you use this formula?
What do problems look like?
Let's try a sample problem to give you some feel
for how you might use this equation in a given problem.
Okay, so for our sample problem,
let's say we know the values of the charges.
And let's say they start from rest,
separated by a distance of three centimeters.
And after you release them from rest,
you let them fly to a distance 12 centimeters apart.
And we need to know one more thing.
We need to know the mass of each charge.
So let's just say that each charge is one kilogram
just to make the numbers come out nice.
So the question we want to know is,
how fast are these charges going to be moving
once they've made it 12 centimeters away from each other?
So the blue one here, Q1, is gonna be speeding to the left.
Q2's gonna be speeding to the right.
How fast are they gonna be moving?
And to figure this out,
we're gonna use conservation of energy.
For our energy system, we'll include both charges,
and we'll say that if we've included everything
in our system,
then the total initial energy of our system
is gonna equal the total final energy of our system.
What kind of energy did our system have initially?
Well, the system started from rest initially,
so there was no kinetic energy to start with.
There would've only been electric potential energy
to start with.
So just call that u initial.
And then that's gonna have to equal the final energy
once they're 12 centimeters apart.
So the farther apart, they're gonna have less
electrical potential energy but they're still gonna have
some potential energy.
So we'll call that u final.
And now they're gonna be moving.
So since these charges are moving,
they're gonna have kinetic energy.
So plus the kinetic energy of our system.
So we'll use our formula for electrical potential energy
and we'll get that the initial electrical potential energy
is gonna be nine times 10 to the ninth
since that's the electric constant K
multiplied by the charge of Q1.
That's gonna be four microcoulombs.
A micro is 10 to the negative sixth.
So you gotta turn that into regular coulombs.
And then multiplied by Q2, which is two microcoulombs.
So that'd be two times 10 to the negative sixth
divided by the distance.
Well, this was the initial electrical potential energy
so this would be the initial distance between them.
That center to center distance was three centimeters,
but I can't plug in three.
This is in centimeters.
If I want my units to be in joules,
so that I get speeds in meters per second,
I've got to convert this to meters,
and three centimeters in meters is 0.03 meters.
You divide by a hundred,
because there's 100 centimeters in one meter.
And I don't square this.
The r in the bottom of here is not squared,
so you don't square that r.
So that's gonna be equal to
it's gonna be equal to another term
that looks just like this.
So I'm gonna copy and paste that.
The only difference is that now this is the final
electrical potential energy.
Well, the K value is the same.
The value of each charge is the same.
The only thing that's different is
that after they've flown apart,
they're no longer three centimeters apart,
they're 12 centimeters apart.
So we'll plug in 0.12 meters,
since 12 centimeters is .12 meters.
And then we have to add the kinetic energy.
So I'm just gonna call this k for now.
The total kinetic energy of the system
after they've reached 12 centimeters.
Well, if you calculate these terms,
if you multiply all this out on the left-hand side,
you get 2.4 joules of initial electrical potential energy.
And that's gonna equal,
if you calculate all of this in this term,
multiply the charges, divide by .12
and multiply by nine times 10 to the ninth,
you get 0.6 joules of electrical potential energy
after they're 12 centimeters apart
plus the amount of kinetic energy in the system,
so we can replace this kinetic energy of our system
with the formula for kinetic energy,
which is gonna be one half m-v squared.
But here's the problem.
Both of these charges are moving.
So if we want to do this correctly,
we're gonna have to take into account
that both of these charges are gonna have kinetic energy,
not just one of them.
If I only put one half times one kilogram times v squared,
I'd get the wrong answer
because I would've neglected the fact that the other charge
also had kinetic energy.
So we could do one of two things.
Since these masses are the same,
they're gonna have the same speed,
and that means we can write this mass here
as two kilograms times the common speed squared
or you could just write two terms, one for each charge.
This is a little safer.
I'm just gonna do that.
Conceptually, it's a little easier to think about.
Okay, so I solve this.
2.4 minus .6 is gonna be 1.8 joules,
and that's gonna equal one half times one kilogram
times the speed of that second particle squared
plus one half times one kilogram times the speed
of the first particle squared.
And here's where we have to make that argument.
Since these have the same mass,
they're gonna be moving with the same speed.
One half v squared plus one half v squared
which is really just v squared,
because a half of v squared plus a half of v squared
is a whole of v squared.
Now if you're clever, you might be like, "Wait a minute.
"This charge, even though it had the same mass,
"it had more charge than this charge did.
"Isn't this charge gonna be moving faster
"since it had more charge?"
No, it's not.
The force that these charges are gonna exert on each other
are always the same, even if they have different charges.
That's counter-intuitive, but it's true.
Newton's third law tells us that has to be true.
So if they exert the same force on each other
over the same amount of distance,
then they will do the same amount of work on each other.
And if they have the same mass,
that means they're gonna end with the same speed
as each other.
So they'll have the same speed, a common speed we'll call v.
So now to solve for v, I just take
a square root of each side and I get that the speed
of each charge is gonna be the square root of 1.8.
Technically I'd have to divide that joules
by kilograms first, because even though this was a 1,
to make the units come out right
I'd have to have joule per kilogram.
And if I take the square root, I get 1.3 meters per second.
That's how fast these charges are gonna be moving
after they've moved to the point
where they're 12 centimeters away from each other.
Conceptually, potential energy was turning into
kinetic energy.
So the final potential energy was less
than the initial potential energy,
and all that energy went into the kinetic energies
of these charges.
So we solved this problem.
Let's switch it up.
Let's say instead of starting these charges from rest
three centimeters apart,
let's say we start them from rest 12 centimeters apart
but we make this Q2 negative.
So now instead of being positive 2 microcoulombs,
we're gonna make this negative 2 microcoulombs.
And now that this charge is negative,
it's attracted to the positive charge,
and likewise this positive charge is
attracted to the negative charge.
So let's say we released these from rest
12 centimeters apart,
and we allowed them to fly forward to each other
until they're three centimeters apart.
And we ask the same question,
how fast are they gonna be going when they get to this point
where they're three centimeters apart?
Okay, so what would change in the math up here?
Since they're still released from rest,
we still start with no kinetic energy,
so that doesn't change.
But this time, they didn't start three centimeters apart.
So instead of starting with three and ending with 12,
they're gonna start 12 centimeters apart
and end three centimeters apart.
All right, so what else changes up here?
The only other thing that changed was the sign of Q2.
And you might think, I shouldn't plug in the signs
of the charges in here,
because that gets me mixed up.
But that was for electric field and electric force.
If these aren't vectors, you can plug in positives
and negative signs.
And you should. The easiest thing to do
is just plug in those positives and negatives.
And this equation will just tell you
whether you end up with a positive potential energy
or a negative potential energy.
We don't like including this in the electric field
and electric force formulas
because those are vectors,
and if they're vectors, we're gonna have to decide
what direction they point and this negative can screw us up.
But it's not gonna screw us up in this case.
This negative is just gonna tell us
whether we have positive potential energy
or negative potential energy.
There's no worry about breaking up a vector,
because these are scalars.
So long story short, we plug in the positive signs
if it's a positive charge.
We plug in the negative sign if it's a negative charge.
This formula's smart enough to figure it out,
since it's a scalar, we don't have to worry about
breaking up any components.
In other words, instead of two up here,
we're gonna have negative two microcoulombs.
And instead of positive two in this formula,
we're gonna have negative two microcoulombs.
So if we multiply out the left-hand side,
it might not be surprising.
All we're gonna get is negative 0.6 joules
of initial potential energy.
And this might worry you.
You might be like, "Wait a minute,
"we're starting with negative potential energy?"
You might say, "That makes no sense.
"How are we gonna get kinetic energy out of a system
"that starts with less than zero potential energy?"
So it seems kind of weird.
How can I start with less than zero or zero potential energy
and still get kinetic energy out?
Well, it's just because this term,
your final potential energy term,
is gonna be even more negative.
If I calculate this term, I end up with negative 2.4 joules.
And then we add to that the kinetic energy of the system.
So in other words, our system
is still gaining kinetic energy
because it's still losing potential energy.
Just because you've got negative potential energy
doesn't mean you can't have less potential energy
than you started with.
It's kind of like finances.
Trust me, if you start with less than zero money,
if you start in debt,
that doesn't mean you can't spend money.
You can still get a credit card and become more in debt.
You can still get stuff, even if you have no money
or less than zero money.
It just means you're gonna go more and more in debt.
And that's what this electric potential is doing.
It's becoming more and more in debt
so that it can finance an increase in kinetic energy.
Not the best financial decision, but this is physics,
so they don't care.
All right, so we solve this for the kinetic energy
of the system.
We add 2.4 joules to both sides
and we get positive 1.8 joules on the left hand side
equals
We'll have two terms because they're both gonna be moving.
We'll have the one half times one kilogram
times the speed of one of the charges squared
plus one half times one kilogram times the speed
of the other charge squared,
which again just gives us v squared.
And if we solve this for v, we're gonna get the same value
we got last time, 1.3 meters per second.
So recapping the formula for the electrical potential energy
between two charges is gonna be
k Q1 Q2 over r.
And since the energy is a scalar,
you can plug in those negative signs
to tell you if the potential energy is positive or negative.
Since this is energy, you could use it in conservation
of energy.
And it's possible for systems to have
negative electric potential energy,
and those systems can still convert energy
into kinetic energy.
They would just have to make sure
that their electric potential energy becomes
even more negative.