In the last video, we saw that a system
could do work by expanding.
And in the situation we drew, we had a situation where the
ceiling was movable.
We had this piston and we, like in our process video, we
had a bunch of pebbles.
We removed a pebble, so the pressure in our system, if we
assume that it was just so small that the pressure was
constant, it pushed up on the piston with some force.
We figured out that that force, since pressure is force
per area, we just multiplied pressure times the area of our
piston, and we got the amount of force we're applying.
We apply that, and then we multiply that times the
distance that we push the piston up, and then we get the
amount of work that it did by expansion, or
the expansion work.
We said, well, you know we could have rewritten that.
If you said pressure times our area, times our distance, we
could instead write that as pressure, times the area,
times the distance.
And the area times the distance is
the change in volume.
And so we came up with a neat little formulation, that the
work done by a system could be written as the pressure times
the change in volume.
So in this case, I wrote the internal energy formula, where
it's the work done by the system.
So I did a minus, right?
Because when you do work, you are giving energy away to
someone else.
So in that situation, we did a minus.
And so instead of writing work, we could say, minus the
pressure, times the change in volume.
And remember this is a quasi-static process.
And we're doing it at very small increments.
We're assuming that this change in volume is very
small, and that the pressure is roughly constant while
we're doing this.
And of course that's not the case, right?
If we did this, if this was a large change in volume, or if
this happened all of a sudden, if these were really big
pebbles, then our pressure will change as we expand.
So it's hard to say what the pressure times the
change in volume is.
But if we assume things are really, really being done in
very, very small increments, we could say, OK, let's say
the pressure was constant over that small increment, and then
we can multiply it by the change in volume.
Now let's see how this can relate to some of what we've
done before with the PV-diagram.
And so far, all we've seen the PV-diagram, or what I used it
for, is to kind of help explain the difference between
quasi-static processes, or to say when
macrostates are defined.
But let me now do something more useful with it.
And this will give you an idea, or start giving you an
idea of why people who study thermodynamics
love these so much.
So before I did anything, when my canister was just here, I
had all the pebbles on it.
And we were in a state of equilibrium.
I could describe all of its macrostates, its pressure, its
volume, its temperature.
I could describe its internal energy as well.
So let me draw it here.
So let's say I was at this state.
This was state number 1.
State number 1 was right there.
And then, let's say I just start removing pebbles.
Remember, if I just remove all the pebbles at once, the
system's going to go into flux.
We wouldn't be doing a quasi-static process, or a
reversible process, which isn't always the same thing.
But for our purposes, we wouldn't be in equilibrium the
whole time.
And we would have to wait to get to equilibrium.
And at some point we'd have some pressure and volume
that's down here.
This is if we weren't doing it as a quasi-static process.
Now we are, what I showed in the last video, we are doing
it as a, or we're trying to get close to a quasi-static
process, because we're doing it in small increments, with
these little pebbles.
And if these aren't small enough for you, you could do
it in smaller pebbles.
So we're moving incrementally.
So, for example, in that last video, we
maybe moved from there.
We removed one pebble and we got right there.
You remove another pebble and you go right there.
And the benefit of doing these quasi-static processes is you
really get a path going from one state to the next.
Let's say when you remove all but one of the pebbles, just,
you know, this describes our path.
So let's say we are in state 2 and we've removed all but one.
Let me draw that.
So state 2 will look something like this.
I'll draw it really quick.
So that's our container.
That's our piston.
We only have one pebble left on top.
And then of course we have the gas now.
Let me write this down.
This is state 2.
And let me write state 1 was something like this.
State 1, the ceiling was lower.
We had a bunch of pebbles on top of it.
And we had a smaller volume, and so the gas was bumping
into the ceiling and the walls and the floor a lot more.
I'll just draw the same number.
So we had a higher pressure.
So pressure was high and volume low.
Now in state 2-- so this is pressure high.
This pressure is this axis.
This is volume.
So we had high pressure, low volume.
And we got to a situation after
removing all but one pebble.
And we're doing it slowly, so we're always in equilibrium.
So we have a path.
This is after removing each of the pebbles, so that our
pressure and volume macro states
are always well defined.
But in state 2, we now have a pressure low
and volume is high.
The volume is high, you can just see that, because we kept
pushing the piston up slowly, slowly, trying to maintain
ourselves in equilibrium so our
macrostates are always defined.
And our pressure is lower just because we could have the same
number of particles, but they're just going to bump
into the walls a little bit less, because they have a
little bit more room to move around.
And that's all fair and dandy.
So this describes the path of our system as it transitioned
or as it experienced this process, which was a
quasi-static process.
Everything was defined at every point.
Now we said that the work done at any given point by the
system is the pressure times the change in volume.
Now, how does that relate to here?
Change in volume is just a certain
distance along this x-axis.
Along, more like I should call it the volume-axis.
This is a change in volume.
We started off at this volume, and let's say when we removed
one pebble we got to this volume.
Now, we want to multiply that times our pressure.
Since we did it over such a small increment, and we're so
close to equilibrium, we could assume that our pressure's is
roughly constant over that period of time.
So we could say that this is the pressure over
that period of time.
And so how much work we did, it's this pressure over here,
times this volume, which is the area of this rectangle
right there.
And for any of you all who've seen my calculus videos, this
should start looking a little bit familiar.
And then what about when we could take our next pebble?
Well now our pressure is a little bit lower.
This is our new pressure.
Our pressure is a little bit lower.
And we multiply that times our new change in volume-- times
this change in volume-- and we have that increment of work.
Once again, this is the area of this rectangle.
And if you keep doing that, the amount of work we do is
essentially the area of all of these rectangles as we remove
each pebble.
And now you might say, especially those of you who
haven't watched my calculus videos, gee, you know, this
might be getting close, but the area of these rectangles
isn't exactly the area of this curve.
It's a little inexact.
There's a little error here.
And what I would say is, well if you're worried about that,
what you should do is use smaller increments of volume.
And if you want to have smaller changes in volume
along each step, what you do is you remove
even smaller pebbles.
And this goes back to trying to get to that ideal
quasi-static process.
So if you did that of, eventually the delta V's would
get smaller and smaller and smaller, and the rectangles
would get thinner and thinner and thinner.
You'd have to do it over more and more steps.
But eventually you'll get to a point, if you assume really
small changes in our delta V.
In calculus world, that infinitely small changes, you
write it as dV.
So if you take a sum of all the pressures, times the dV's
you get the area under this curve.
So the way to think about it when you're looking at this
PV-diagram, if someone says, you're going from this point
to this pressure and this volume, to this pressure and
this volume.
And they say, how much work did you do?
You say, oh, well I just had to figure out the area under
this curve.
If you want to know the real math behind it, if you could
get your pressure as a function of volume-- and if
you haven't watched the calculus videos you can ignore
this little aside I'm going to do here.
This is this curve right here.
If you could write it this way, let's say you could write
pressure as a function of volume.
When you're in algebra, you learn a curve is, you know, y
is a function of x.
But here, y is the pressure and x is volume, so its
pressure is a function of volume.
So the area under this curve is the integral of the
pressure as a function of volume, that's the height at
any point, times our very small change in volume.
So times our very small change in volume.
And you take the sum from our starting volume, so volume
initial to volume final.
And we'll do this in the future, especially when we
start touching on entropy.
But this is a neat result.
Even if you don't know the calculus, or if this confuses
you, if you've never seen an integral before, you
could ignore it.
But you could look at this intuitively and see the work I
did is the area under this curve.
Now, let me ask you one more thing.
Let's say some work is being done to the system.
So we start adding some marbles back.
So let's say-- actually, let's say we're
going from this direction.
Let's say we start at state 2 and we go in that direction.
So direction matters.
So let's say we go in that direction right there.
So I should put some arrows.
And I'm overloading this picture so much.
Actually let me just do a new picture, that's probably the
best thing to do.
So it's pressure, volume-- I'm actually going to do two.
Let me just do pressure, volume.
I'm going to do two graphs here.
All right.
So in the first one it's pressure,
volume, pressure, volume.
We started here at 1, and we went here to 2.
So our system was essentially pushed up on the piston.
And it could be a curve or a line, I'm not going to get too
particular right now, but it was going in this direction.
And so we can say that the work done was the pressure
times the increase in volume at any moment.
So the work done was the area under this curve.
Now, if we started at position 2 and we go to position 1.
2 to 1.
Now what's happening?
Now we're compressing.
So if we're going in that direction, you might say, oh
OK, maybe the work done by the system is still the
area under the curve.
Well you'd be close.
Because what's happening now?
We're now compressing the system or
adding the marbles back.
We're putting energy into the system.
So if we do that, remember, your work done by the system
was pressure times an increase in volume.
Now it's going to be your pressure times
a decrease in volume.
So when you go back in this direction, the area is not the
work done by the system, it's the work done to the system.
And maybe I'll do that in a different color, so green for
work done to the system.
Now let me throw you another little interesting idea.
And this is actually a key idea.
It's good to get the intuition here.
So let me just draw a very simple PV-diagram again.
So let's say we start at some state here.
State 1.
And I do something, you know, I'm in a quasi-static process
and it, you know, it's doing something weird, and I get to
state 2 here.
And it's going in this direction.
So my volume is increasing.
So in this situation, what is the work done by the system?
Easy enough, it's the area under this curve.
Now let's say that I keep doing some type of
quasi-static process, but it takes a different path.
I'm doing something else, other than adding the marbles
directly back.
So my new path looks something like this to get
back to state 1.
So these arrows are going back.
So now what is the work done to the system?
well my volume is decreasing, so it's the area under the
second curve.
The area under the second curve is the
work done to the system.
So if I want to know what the net work the system did, going
from state 1 to state 2, and then going back to state 1--
remember, this is a pressure and volume
diagram-- what is it?
Well the work that the system did was this whole area under
this brown curve.
And then it had some work done to it, which is the area under
this magenta curve.
So the net work it did is essentially the white, the
whole area, minus this red area.
So the net work it did would be essentially just the area
inside this loop.
And hopefully you don't have to know calculus to do this,
although calculus you would actually use to
compute these areas.
But I just want to give you that intuition, that the area
inside this closed loop is actually the amount of work
that our system has done.
And what's important is the direction that it's going.
So it increased volume, then decreased volume, so it's kind
of this clockwise motion.
This is the work that our system has done, which, I
don't know, to me is a pretty interesting thing.
And later we can use this notion to come up with some
other ideas behind our state variables
I'll make one little aside here.
Remember, our state variable pressure volume, we did stuff
to it then we went back to that state.
That stayed the same.
And I want to say another thing.
For our purposes, when we're dealing with ideal gases,
where the internal energy is essentially the kinetic energy
of the system, if we go and do all sorts of crazy stuff and
come back, our internal energy hasn't changed.
So the internal energy is always going to be the same at
this point.
So if I said, I did all of this stuff and came back here,
what is my change in internal energy?
It's 0.
The change is 0.
Now if I said I went from here to here, I would have a
different internal energy and my change would
be something real.
But since this is a state function, it doesn't care how
I got there.
If I took all these loops and got back there, it just says,
look, if I'm at this point in the PV-diagram, my internal
energy is the same thing.
So if I start at this point, and I finish again at this
point, I have had no change in internal energy.
And we'll talk more about that in the next video.
But I just wanted to leave you there and get you this
intuition behind the areas under the curves in the
PV-diagram.