- [Narrator] So, I looked up the mass of a tennis ball.
And it turns out a tennis ball is about 58 grams
or point o five eight kilograms.
And I wondered, if we shot that tennis ball
to the right, straight toward a golf ball,
and I looked up the mass of a golf ball.
A golf ball's about 45 grams
or point o four five kilograms.
So if we shot these balls straight
toward each other, at a certain speed,
let's say the golf ball's moving
around 50 meters per second.
That's pretty fast.
That's over 100 miles an hour.
And we shoot the tennis ball to the right,
at a speed of 40 meters per second,
so that these balls collide.
And they collide head on.
In other words, I want them to collide
and stay in this single direction.
I don't want a glancing collision,
where the golf ball goes flying
up this way, or something like that.
Let's not do that.
So it's all gonna happen in one dimension.
And my question is this,
just given the initial velocities
and the masses, can we figure out
the final velocities of the golf ball
and the tennis ball?
Let's try it.
So how can we start?
When I'm doing a collision problem,
I typically just start with conservation momentum.
I just know, if it's gonna be a quick collision
the momentum right before the collision
should equal the momentum right
after the collision.
At least the total amounts.
Why is that true?
It's because this golf ball,
the time that it's actually in contact
with the tennis ball, it's gonna be so small
that any external forces that might be there,
like gravity, are gonna have so little time
to act on the system, the external forces
can't really impart a large amount
of external impulse.
And if there's no external impulse,
the total momentum of our system,
golf ball and tennis ball,
has to stay constant.
So, because these collisions happen,
typically, over a very short time interval,
we're just gonna say, the momentum right before total
and the momentum right after total
is gonna be the same.
And that goes for basically any collision
between two freely moving objects.
You can just assume the total momentum's
gonna be conserved.
So what will that mean mathematically?
Well it's gonna be that the total initial momentum,
p is the letter we use for momentum,
and the total, I'm gonna use Sigma
to represent the total.
This just means add up all the initial momentum,
not just the momentum of one of the objects,
but all the momentum of all the objects.
And I'm even gonna put a vector sign up here
because momentum's a vector.
That's important, because momentum can be negative.
So you can't forget the negative signs in here.
And if momentum's conserved,
then this, initial, total momentum
should equal the final total momentum.
This is what we mean when we say,
"Momentum is conserved."
so remember, the formula for momentum
is mass times velocity.
So the initial momentum of the tennis ball
would be mass times velocity.
So that would be zero point zero
five eight kilograms.
Times the velocity, initially, of the tennis ball
is positive 40.
And I'm gonna put a positive here
to remind me that this is to the right.
That's why I'm making it positive.
The initial momentum of the golf ball
would be also mass times velocity.
So it'd be plus the mass of the golf ball
is point o four five kilograms.
And the initial velocity of the golf ball
would be negative 50 meters per second.
Because the golf ball is moving to the left.
And we're gonna assume leftward is negative
and rightward is positive.
So if this is the total, initial momentum,
and momentum's conserved, this should equal
the total final momentum.
So the final total momentum of the tennis ball
is gonna be zero point zero five eight kilograms
times v final of the tennis ball.
I'm just gonna call that V-T,
for v of the tennis ball, plus the final
momentum of the golf ball's gonna be
plus zero point zero four five kilograms
times the final velocity of the golf ball's
gonna be v, I'm gonna put V-G,
for v of the golf ball.
And that's gonna be the velocity after the collision.
So can I solve now for the final velocity
of the tennis ball and the golf ball?
No, I can't.
I've got one equation and I've got two unknowns
sitting over here.
So I'm not gonna be able to solve for either of them
if I've got two variables in my single equation.
In other words, I can add up this whole
left hand side if I wanted to.
If you add all this up you're gonna
get zero point zero seven kilogram meters per second,
is your total, initial momentum.
Then if I solve this over here I'm gonna have
equals two unknowns.
I don't know V-T and I don't know
the velocity of the golf ball either.
So I need at least one more piece of information.
I need to know, for instance,
I knew one of these final velocities.
I could easily solve for the other.
So if the problem gave me the final velocity
of the tennis ball.
Well, I can plug that number into here
and just solve, then for my final velocity
of the golf ball.
Or the problem could tell you that this collision,
what type of collision is it?
If it tells us that they stick together.
Then I can assume that they both
move off at the same velocity.
That would be a perfectly inelastic collision.
So if it was a perfectly inelastic collision,
I'd just have equals one big mass over here.
In other words, point o five eight kilograms.
Plus the mass of the golf ball.
Point o four five kilograms.
It'd be one big mass because they'd stick together
in a perfectly inelastic collision.
Times just one final velocity,
because they're both moving at the same velocity.
So if you take this point o seven,
divide by my total mass, that would give me
the final velocity of the two balls combined.
But that's unlikely.
These balls aren't gonna stick together.
I mean, a golf ball and a tennis ball,
unless you've got some sort of adhesive
on the front of them,
I don't think these are gonna stick together,
that seems unlikely.
So let's assume that doesn't happen.
But if you were told they stick together,
in a collision, two masses,
that's what you could do.
It's much more likely, that if you're dealing
with a golf ball and a tennis ball,
that you're gonna be told that
this collision was elastic.
And remember, elastic means that
the total kinetic energy in this collision
is gonna be constant or conserved.
You're not gonna lose any of that kinetic energy
to any thermal energy or sound.
And it turns out, just being told this,
that the collision is elastic
is enough to solve for these final velocities.
And the reason is, this is implying
the kinetic energy is conserved.
So we can use that to our advantage.
We can just say, "All right, not only
"is momentum conserved now, but if we say it's elastic,
"that means the total amount of
"kinetic energy is conserved."
so the initial, total, kinetic energy
has to equal the final, total kinetic energy.
And remember, kinetic energy is 1/2 M-V squared.
So I can say that, all right, 1/2 point
zero five eight kilograms, the mass
of the tennis ball.
Times it's initial velocity was 40 meters per second.
You can't forget to square it,
kinetic energy's 1/2 M-V squared.
Then I do plus the initial kinetic energy
of the golf ball's gonna be 1/2,
mass of the golf ball was point o four five kilograms.
We multiply by it's initial speed squared.
And I'm just gonna do positive 50.
Because we're gonna square this.
This is just the speed in kinetic energy.
It doesn't matter if you make it positive or negative.
Over here, it definitely matters in momentum,
whether you make it positive or negative.
But since you're squaring it.
And since kinetic energy's a scaler
it can't be negative, doesn't matter
whether you put the positive or negative in here.
It's gonna go away when you square it.
We can say that this total, initial kinetic energy
should equal the total, final kinetic energy.
So I can say that, this total amount here
should equal, I'm just gonna put
the equals sign down here,
the final kinetic energy of the tennis ball
would be 1/2 point o five eight kilograms.
Times the final velocity of the tennis ball squared.
And then I have to add to that
the final kinetic energy of the golf ball.
Which is gonna be 1/2.
Mass of the golf ball is point
o four five kilograms.
Times the final velocity of the golf ball squared.
And you might be like, "How does this help us?"
Look at how horrible this looks.
These are squared.
How's this gonna help me now.
Well, now you can solve.
Because I've got two equations.
And I've got two unknowns.
And the two unknowns over here
are the same as the two unknowns over here.
So whenever you have two equations
and two unknowns, you can solve
for one of your unknowns.
You can actually solve for both of your unknowns.
First you're gonna solve one of the equations
and then substitute into the other.
And we'll get one equation with one unknown.
In other words, let me show you how that works.
Let me clean up this side over here,
this left hand side, which is kind of
like the upper side right here.
So if I add up all this initial,
kinetic energy, over here.
I get 102 point 65 joules of initial,
total kinetic energy.
But I've still got two unknowns in this equation.
So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna come over here.
Let's just solve this for V-G.
If I solve this for V-G, I'll subtract
point o five eight V-T from both sides,
point o four five V-G.
And now I can divide both sides
from point o four five.
Over here, point o seven divided by
point o four five, is equal to one point five six.
And point o five eight divided by
point o four five, is equal to one point two nine.
And then this is multiplied by V-T.
That's what's equal to V-G.
So I have an expression for V-G.
The final velocity of the golf ball
is equal to this quantity right here.
One point five six minus one point two nine V-T.
So I'm gonna take this total expression,
which is equal to V-G,
and I'm gonna plug it in right over here.
Which gives me 1/2 point o four five kilograms
times the quantity, one point five six
minus one point two nine V-T squared.
Because this V-G was squared.
And I'm just substituting the expression
I have over here for V-G in
for this quantity V-G.
And I still have to multiply by the 1/2
and the point o four five.
And I still have all of this.
So I still have 102 point 65 joules
equals 1/2 point o five eight kilograms
times V-T squared.
Plus this quantity right here.
Which is what I substituted in the V-G for.
And it's getting a little messy.
But at least I now have one equation
with just one unknown.
I just have V-T in here.
So if I do the math I have 102 point 65 joules
equals, if I just take point o five eight
divided by two, I'm gonna get point o two nine
and V-T squared.
I'm gonna leave off the units.
Things are gonna get messy.
And then if I take point o four five divided by two
I'll get point o two two five.
And now I've gotta square this quantity.
So if you remember, if you ever have a minus b squared,
the result of that is gonna be
a squared, which is one point five six squared.
Minus two, times the quantity of the first one,
one point five six times the quantity
of the second one, which is one point two nine V-T.
And then, plus, the final element here squared
this b squared.
Which is gonna be one point two nine squared
times the velocity of the tennis ball squared.
That may have made no sense at all.
If so, what I'm really doing
is I'm saying that if you ever have
a minus b squared, that's just equal
to a squared minus two a b plus b squared.
And that's what I did.
Here's my a.
I did a squared, one point five six squared.
And I did minus two times this first one
times the second one, with the V-T in there.
Plus b squared is gonna be plus this final term squared.
Is one point two nine squared times V-T squared.
So I've got this big mess now.
I just need to clean it up.
The left hand side is still 102 point 65.
I've still got this point o two
nine V-T squared sitting here.
But I need to multiply this point o two two five
throughout this whole quantity.
Because it's multiplying this whole quantity.
So if I do that, I've got plus point o five four eight.
That's what?
Point o two two five times one point
five six squared is.
Then I'll get minus point o nine o six V-T.
That's what point o two two five times
this whole quantity is.
And then, finally, I'll get plus
point o three seven four V-T squared.
That's what point o two two five is
times this quantity right here.
So let's identify the V-T's.
I got a V-T right here, just single V-T.
And then I've got a V-T squared, right here.
So I can combine this V-T squared term,
with this V-T squared term.
And I'll get point o six six V-T squared
minus point o nine o six V-T,
plus point o five four eight.
Now we're getting close, I promise.
If we subtract, there's 102 point 65 from both sides.
We'll have zero equals this whole quantity again.
And then point o five four eight
minus 102 point 65.
Is gonna be negative 102 point five nine five.
And what this is right here,
is the Quadratic Equation.
And you can't solve this by just trying to
isolate V-T on one side.
It's never gonna work that way.
You've got to use the Quadratic Formula.
So in the Quadratic Formula,
this term here, the point o six would be a.
And this negative point o nine o six would be b.
And this negative 102 point five nine five
would be the c.
You could either do this the long way by hand.
Or you could just use a Quadratic Formula Solver.
They're available online.
They might be on your calculator.
That's what I'm gonna do.
I'm gonna do this on my calculator.
So the two answers I'm getting
out of this would be,
V-T either equals, I'm getting 40 as one answer,
meters per second.
Or I'm getting negative 39 meters per second.
And so which one is it?
Is it gonna be 40 or negative 39?
Well, we can figure out which one it is.
Look at this V-T here, 40?
That's the initial velocity it had already.
We want the final velocity.
Why is it giving us the initial velocity again?
Because it turns out, one way to conserve
momentum and energy, is for these objects
to just miss each other.
And fly right past each other.
If the golf ball doesn't actually collide
with the tennis ball.
And the tennis ball just keeps going forward,
they just both maintain whatever velocity
they had initially.
And that would correspond to this.
This is a collision that missed.
So we know that this collision
was not the one we're looking for.
That's if they didn't collide.
We're looking for this velocity right here.
So, after the collision, this tennis ball
gets knocked backward, with negative
39 meters per second of velocity.
So how do we find the velocity
of the golf ball after the collision?
Well I've got the velocity of the tennis ball.
Now all I have to do is bring that right back into here.
And I can get what the velocity of the golf ball was.
The velocity of the golf ball's
now just gonna be one point five six
minus one point two nine.
Times this quantity, negative 39.
And if I'm gonna multiply this out,
I'm getting about 52 meters per second.
Positive 52 meters per second,
for the velocity of the golf ball.
That means this golf ball got
knocked back to the right,
Because it's a positive velocity.
And it got knocked out at a speed
of 52 meters per second.
So, recapping what we did,
we were given the initial velocities and the masses.
We tried to use Conservation of Momentum
and that was fine.
Except we had two unknowns.
So we had to write down another equation.
If we're told this collision is elastic,
we know that total kinetic energy's conserved.
We wrote down that equation
but it also has two unknowns.
So we solved the momentum equation
for one of the variables, V-G.
We substituted that expression into over here,
for the V-G in this kinetic energy.
We squared it, we had only one equation,
with one unknown.
But unfortunately, it gave us a Quadratic Equation.
So we used the Quadratic Formula to solve.
One of the velocities corresponded to
the same as the initial velocity
the object had in the first place.
We don't want that one.
Because that would mean that they
didn't collide at all.
We take the second one,
if we wanna find the velocity of the first object.
Then we take that, plug that back into
this expression here.
We get the velocity of the other object.