Let's say we were to take a little excursion to the moon.
And so here we are sitting on the surface
of the moon-- that's the surface of the moon right there.
And with us to our excursion to the moon we brought two things.
We brought ourself a concrete brick.
So that's my brick right over there,
although it's orange-- we'll say it's an orange concrete brick.
And I also bought a bird feather with us.
So this is the bird feather.
And then my question to you is, if I
were to hold both the brick and the bird feather
at the same time, and I were to let go of both of them
at the same time and ask you, which one of them
would hit the surface of the moon first, what would you say?
Well, if you based it on your experience on Earth--
on Earth if you were to take a break and a feather,
a brick would just go straight down.
A brick would just immediately fall to the Earth,
and it would do it quite quickly.
It would accelerate quite quickly.
While a feather would kind of float around.
If you had a feather on Earth, it would just float around.
It would go that way, then it would go that way,
and it would slowly make its way down to the ground.
So on Earth, at least in the presence of air,
it looks like the brick will hit the ground first.
But what would happen at the moon?
And what's interesting about the moon is we have no atmosphere.
We have no air to provide resistance
for either the brick or the feather.
So what do you think is going to happen?
So your first temptation would say, well,
let's just use the universal law of gravity.
So what is the force of gravity on the brick?
Well, you could calculate that out.
The force of gravity on the brick
is going to be equal to big G times the mass of the moon--
I'll say that's m for mass and then
the subscript is lowercase m for moon-- the mass
of the moon times the mass of the brick divided
by the distance between the brick
and the center of the moon squared.
Fair enough.
That's the force on the brick.
What's going to be the force due to gravity on the feather?
Or another way to think about it,
the weight of the feather on the moon?
We'll do the same calculation.
The force on the feather is going
to be equal to big G times the mass of the moon times
the mass of the feather divided by the distance
between the center of this feather
and the center of the moon squared.
That's the distance, and then we square it.
So if you look at both of these expressions,
they both have this quantity right
over here-- G times the mass of the moon divided
by the distance between this height
and the center of the moon squared.
So they both have this exact expression on it.
So let's replace that expression.
Let's just call that the gravitational field
on the moon.
So if you apply this number by any mass,
it will tell you the weight of that object on the moon,
or the gravitational force acting downward
on that object on the moon.
So this is the gravitational field of the moon.
So I'll just call it g sub m.
And all it is, is all of these quantities combined.
So if we simplify that way, the force
on the brick due to the moon is going
to be equal to that lowercase g on the moon-- normally
we use this lowercase g for the gravitational constant
on Earth, or the gravitational field on Earth,
or sometimes the acceleration of gravity on Earth,
but now we're referring to the moon.
That's what this lowercase subscript m is doing for us.
So it's equal to that times the mass of the brick.
For the case of the feather, the force on the feather
is equal to all of this business.
So that's the g sub m times the mass of the feather.
So we're going to assume, which is a reasonable thing
to assume, that the mass of the brick
is greater than the mass of the feather.
What's going to be their relative forces?
Well, here you have a greater mass times the same quantity.
Here you have a smaller mass times the same quantity.
So if the mass of the brick is greater
than the mass of the feather, it's completely reasonable
to say that the force of gravity on the brick
is going to be greater than the force of gravity
on the feather.
So if you do all this, and everything
we've done to this point is correct, you might say,
hey, there's going to be more force due to gravity
on the brick, and that's why the brick will
be accelerated down more quickly.
But what you need to remember is that there
is more gravitational force on this brick.
But it also has greater mass.
And we remember the larger something's mass
is, the less acceleration it'll experience for a given force.
So what really determines how quickly either of these things
will fall is their accelerations.
And let's figure out their accelerations.
I'll do this in a neutral color.
We know that force is equal to mass times acceleration.
So if we want to figure out the acceleration of the brick--
or we could write it the other way.
If we divide both sides by mass, we
get acceleration is equal to force divided by mass.
And acceleration is a vector quantity,
and force is also a vector quantity.
And in this situation, we're not using any actual value.
But if I were using actual values,
I would use negative numbers for downwards and positive values
for upwards.
But we're not using any signs here.
But you could assume that the direction is implicitly
being given.
So what's the acceleration of the brick?
That's a lowercase b I was writing.
The acceleration of the brick is going
to be equal to the force applied to the brick divided
by the mass of the brick.
But the force applied to the brick, we already know,
is this business right over here.
It is little g on the moon, the gravitational field
on the moon, times the mass of the brick,
and we're dividing that by the mass of the brick.
So the acceleration on the brick on the moon--
the acceleration that the brick will experience--
is the same thing as that gravitational field expression.
It is g sub m.
This is how quickly it would accelerate on the moon.
Now let's do the same thing for the feather.
I think you see where this is going.
The acceleration of the feather is
going to be the force on the feather divided
by the mass of the feather.
The force on the feather is g sub m--
g with the subscript m-- times the mass of the feather,
and then we're going to divide that
by the mass of the feather.
And so, once again, its acceleration
is going to be the same quantity.
So they are both going to accelerate at the same rate
downwards, which tells us that they'll
both hit the ground at the same rate.
They'll both accelerate from the same point at the same time,
and they'll both have the same velocity
when they hit the ground.
And they'll both hit it at the exact same time,
despite one having a larger mass.
So the reality is, because it has a larger mass,
it has a larger gravitational attraction to the moon.
But because of its mass, that attraction
gives it the same acceleration as something with a smaller
mass.
So any mass at the same level on the surface of the moon
would experience the same acceleration.
So now the quite natural question
is, wait, Sal, if that's true on the moon it should also
be true on Earth.
And it would be true on Earth.
If you did this exact same experiment
and you evacuated all the air from the room,
so that you didn't have air resistance,
and you took a brick and a feather
and let them go at the same time,
they will both hit the ground at the exact same time, which
is a little unintuitive, to imagine a feather just
plummeting the same way a brick would.
But it would if you evacuated all the air.
And so the reason why we see this over here,
and I think you get the sense because I already
talked about evacuating the air, is
that the difference between the brick and the feather
is all due to air resistance.
If you took the same brick, or if you took something
that had the same mass as the brick,
and you were to flatten it out so it has more air resistance--
but let's say it has the same mass, let's say this thing
and this thing have the same mass--
this thing would fall slower than
that because it'll have more air resistance.
It has more air to collide into, to provide resistance
as it falls.
And if you took a feather and if you compacted it really,
really, really, really, really, really small-- the same mass
as a feather, but you made it so small that it could
cut through the air-- you'll see that it will drop a lot faster.
So the real difference between how things fall on Earth--
if you had no air, they would all
fall at the exact same rate.
It's only because of air that they fall at different rates.
And the air does two things.
For constant pressure-- so if you
have two objects that have the same shape,
the object that is heavier, that has more weight,
will fall faster because it'll overcome--
it'll be able to provide more net force against the air
pressure.
If you have something that has the same weight,
the object that is more aerodynamic
will fall faster-- the one that cuts through,
the one that has the least air resistance.
And as a little experiment that you
can try in the comfort of your own room right now,
take a book like this.
And you could drop it.
And then you could take another piece of paper,
or even a little postcard or something, and you drop it.
And you'll see, of course, a postcard
will fall much slower than this book.
But what you do is put the postcard on top of the book
so that the book is essentially breaking
all of the air resistance for the postcard.
And what you'll see is, if you put it on top of the book
and you were to drop it, you'll see
that they fall at the exact same rate.