- [Voiceover] Let's say that this is a red blood cell.
What makes up the outer layer of this red blood cell?
Since it's a cell, it has a cell membrane,
and that's made up of lipids.
But embedded in those lipids, there's all kinds of proteins
and molecules, some of which I'm drawing here,
that have all kinds of different functions.
There are two of them that are sort of
more important than the others,
at least for this topic that we're going to talk about,
and those are the A molecule and the B molecule.
I think you'll be pretty happy with those names,
not too hard to remember.
I'm actually calling them molecules and not proteins
because they're actually not proteins.
They are actually something called glycolipids,
which I actually didn't realize at first.
Glycolipids, glyco meaning a sugar group,
lipid meaning a fat group,
so it's some kind of mix of a sugar and fat.
You can look it up if you're interested.
What's interesting, is that not all people
have both of these molecules, these glycolipids,
on their red blood cells.
Some people do have both, but some have only one.
For example, some people might have only the A,
or, as you can imagine, some people would have only the B,
and some people, can you figure out the last possibility?
Some people have neither A nor B.
Of course, all these people have all kinds of other
proteins and molecules embedded in their red blood cells.
The reason why we care about this
and why I'm talking about these As and these Bs,
is that in medicine, we often
have to give blood transfusions.
Let's say you got in a car accident
and you lost a lot of blood.
You're rushed to the hospital.
If you've lost enough blood,
they'll give you a transfusion of blood.
Transfusion just means they'll put a needle in your vein
and pump blood into your veins.
It turns out that you can't just give any blood to anyone,
and it has to do with these A and B groups.
For example, it turns out, and we'll explain this,
but for example, it turns out that if you
are the kind of person who has this kind of blood
that only has As on your blood cells,
then it turns out that you can't get a blood transfusion
from someone who has this kind of blood, As and Bs.
Let's learn why.
If you remember from the immune system,
there's something called an antibody.
We usually draw it in this shape here.
If you remember from the immune system,
your body has something called antibodies,
and it uses these antibodies to fight things
that it doesn't want in the body.
For example, if you have a bacterium,
I'm drawing one here, you'll have an antibody
that will bind to that bacterium.
The purpose of that is that now your body knows
that is should destroy this bacterium.
This antibody is kind of like a tag
that marks this guy for destruction.
But your body is very careful not to make
antibodies against itself, which is obvious, right?
If your body made antibodies against itself,
then it would start to attack itself.
For that reason, someone who has this kind of blood,
which means that all of their red blood cells
have As and Bs on them, that person
would not want to make antibodies against
the A and the B molecule, because if they did
then their body would attack all of their red blood cells.
These people don't have these antibodies.
But, let's say if you have this kind of blood,
then you might not make an antibody against
the A molecule, but you can make it against
the B molecule, because the B is not in your body,
and so there's no risk that your body is going to attack
itself by making an antibody against the B molecule.
So these guys don't have the A antibody,
but they do have the B antibody.
These guys, on the other hand,
they can have the A antibody,
but they don't want the B antibody
because then they would attack themselves.
This final guy, can you guess what he has?
He can actually have both A and B antibodies.
He actually will have both,
because that's the way your immune system works.
It makes antibodies against pretty much anything
that is not you, that is not yourself.
A and B molecules are not part of this guy.
He has none of them, so he'll make antibodies against them.
Let me ask you, what would happen if this guy,
someone with just A blood, type A blood,
got in a car accident and needed a transfusion?
Let's say they're rushed to the hospital
and you give them blood from someone with A and B molecules.
What would happen is that this guy's antibodies
again B would go and bind to the B molecules
on the blood that he's just received,
and then his body would start to destroy
all of these cells that he just received.
That's bad because, first of all, it's a waste.
You gave this guy blood
and now he's just going to destroy it.
But second of all, it's going to cause a huge
amount of inflammation, because this guy's body
is going to suddenly see all these antigens
that he thinks are really dangerous,
and it's going to cause his whole immune system
to rev up, and that will actually be bad for him.
Let's go through all the different possible transfusions
between these different kinds of people.
Let's go through them methodically by drawing a table.
On one side of the table we'll have the donors.
Bear with me as I draw this table out.
We'll have AB donor, A donor, type B donor,
and do you know what we call this kind of blood?
We can't call it type B or type A
because that's these guys,
so we actually call this O, type O.
Then we also have the same guys as possible recipients,
so we have type AB blood recipient,
type A blood recipient, type B blood recipient,
and type O blood recipient.
Let's make this into a table.
Here are our donors, blood donors,
and here are our blood recipients.
What did we say before?
We said that someone with type A blood
cannot receive blood from someone with type AB blood.
So that means that A recipient with AB donor is no good.
Well, how about someone with AB blood?
Can they receive blood from someone with AB blood?
The answer is yes, because the guy with AB blood
has no antibodies against A or B,
so he won't attack the AB blood that is given to him.
Why don't you pause the video for a moment
and try to fill in the rest of this table?
Hopefully you've paused for a second
and tried to fill in the rest of the table.
Now we'll fill it in together.
Someone with AB blood can receive blood from A,
he can receive blood from B,
and he can receive blood from O
because he has no antibodies to either A or B,
so he won't react to any of these guys.
Likewise, someone with type A blood can, of course,
receive from A, B can receive from B,
O can receive from O,
but B cannot receive from AB, nor can O.
Nor can B receive from A, nor can O.
Nor can O receive from B, nor can A receive from B.
But O can give to everyone.
Something interesting you'll notice here is,
as we just said, O can give to anyone
because the O blood type has no As or Bs on it,
so no one's going to react to it.
For that reason, we call O the universal donor.
The other interesting thing you'll notice
is that AB can receive from everyone.
For that reason, we call him the universal recipient.
All these things, by the way,
AB, A, B, O, these are blood types.
So when someone asks you for your blood type,
this is what they're referring to.
This is why it's really important to know your blood type
if you're ever going to require a blood transfusion.